Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 (BSA)

Documentary evidence under BSA 2023

Documentary Evidence Under BSA 2023 (Sections 56–66): Meaning, Types, and Admissibility Rules

Introduction The law of evidence recognizes that in any judicial proceeding, documents and electronic records can provide powerful proof. However, not every document can be admitted easily. The Bharatiya Sakshya

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Tarun Sharma

22 Mar 2026 · 10 min read

Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam

Sections 39–45 BSA 2023 Explained: Relevancy of Opinions of Third Parties

Section 39 – Opinion as to Foreign Law 1. Statutory Provision (BSA 2023) Section 39 allows the opinion of persons specially skilled in foreign law to be relevant when the court

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Tarun Sharma

22 Mar 2026 · 11 min read

Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023

Statements Made Under Special Circumstances (Sections 34–38, BSA 2023): Meaning, Rules, and Examples

Section 34 – Entries in Books of Account 1. Concept and Purpose Section 34 deals with entries in books of account, whether manual or electronic, made in the regular course of

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Tarun Sharma

22 Mar 2026 · 6 min read

Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam

Dying Declaration Under Section 26 BSA 2023: Meaning, Rules, and Case Law

1. Meaning and Legal Foundation of Dying Declaration A dying declaration is a statement made by a person regarding the cause of their death or the circumstances surrounding the incident

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Tarun Sharma

20 Mar 2026 · 11 min read

Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 (BSA)

SECTION 25 – ADMISSIONS NOT CONCLUSIVE PROOF BUT MAY ESTOPPEL

1. Statutory Provision Section 25 of the BSA 2023 (analogous to Section 31 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872) states: “Admissions are not conclusive proof of the matters admitted, but

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Tarun Sharma

20 Mar 2026 · 4 min read

Section 24 Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023

SECTION 24 – CONFESSION BY CO-ACCUSED

(Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA)) 1. Introduction In criminal cases involving more than one accused, a common issue is whether a confession made by one accused can be

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Tarun Sharma

2 Mar 2026 · 3 min read

Section 23 Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023

SECTION 23 – CONFESSION TO POLICE OFFICER

1. Statutory Provision (BSA, 2023) Section 23 of the BSA states: (1) No confession made to a police officer shall be proved as against a person accused of any offence.

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Tarun Sharma

25 Feb 2026 · 4 min read

Section 22 Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam

Section 22 Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) Explained: Confession Caused by Inducement, Threat, or Promise

SECTION 22 – CONFESSION CAUSED BY INDUCEMENT, THREAT OR PROMI A confession made by an accused person is irrelevant in a criminal proceeding if the making of the confession appears to

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Tarun Sharma

24 Jan 2026 · 18 min read

Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 (BSA)

General Principles III: Admissions and Confessions (Sections 15 to 21, BSA 2023) Part 2

This is Part 2; please refer to Part 1 for additional context. SECTION 19 – Admissions by Persons Whose Liability is Joint with That of a Party Bare Act Provision: Section

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Tarun Sharma

18 Jan 2026 · 10 min read

BSA

General Principles III: Admissions and Confessions (Sections 15 to 21, BSA 2023) Part 1

This is Part 1; please refer to Part 2 for additional context. Introduction Admissions and confessions are two kinds of statements that help courts reach the truth. These statements are

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Tarun Sharma

21 Jul 2025 · 9 min read

BSA

Facts Necessary to Explain or Introduce a Fact in Issue or Relevant Fact

SECTIONS 7 and 10 of BSA 2023 Statutory Text of Section 7 (BSA 2023) “Facts necessary to explain or introduce a fact in issue or relevant fact, or which support

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Tarun Sharma

5 Jul 2025 · 5 min read

Relevancy of facts under BSA 2023

Relevancy of Facts, Custom, Mental and Physical State

(Sections 9, 11, 12, and 13 – BSA 2023) SECTION 9 – Relevancy of Otherwise Irrelevant Facts (Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts) Statutory Language: “Facts necessary to explain or

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Tarun Sharma

8 Jun 2025 · 11 min read

Res Gestae

Doctrine of Res Gestae and Evidence of Common Intention under Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023

(Sections 4, 5, 6 & 8 Of BSA) Introduction The administration of justice depends not just on substantive law but also on procedural law and evidence law. The Bharatiya Sakshya

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Tarun Sharma

21 May 2025 · 10 min read